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  • A strange quantum effect could power future electronics
    Rice University physicists confirmed that flat electronic bands in kagome superconductors aren’t just theoretical, they actively shape superconductivity and magnetism. This breakthrough could guide the design of next-generation quantum materials and technologies.
  • Room-temperature quantum breakthrough freezes motion without cooling
    ETH Zurich scientists have levitated a tower of three nano glass spheres using optical tweezers, suppressing almost all classical motion to observe quantum zero-point fluctuations with unprecedented precision. Achieving 92% quantum purity at room temperature, a feat usually requiring near absolute zero, they have opened the door to advanced quantum sensors without costly cooling.
  • Tiny gold “super atoms” could spark a quantum revolution
    Scientists have found that microscopic gold clusters can act like the world’s most accurate quantum systems, while being far easier to scale up. With tunable spin properties and mass production potential, they could transform quantum computing and sensing.
  • Scientists unveil bioplastic that degrades at room temperature, and outperforms petroplastics
    Plastic pollution is a mounting global issue, but scientists at Washington University in St. Louis have taken a bold step forward by creating a new bioplastic inspired by the structure of leaves. Their innovation, LEAFF, enhances strength, functionality, and biodegradability by utilizing cellulose nanofibers, outperforming even traditional plastics. It degrades at room temperature, can be […]
  • Building electronics that don’t die: Columbia's breakthrough at CERN
    Deep beneath the Swiss-French border, the Large Hadron Collider unleashes staggering amounts of energy and radiation—enough to fry most electronics. Enter a team of Columbia engineers, who built ultra-rugged, radiation-resistant chips that now play a pivotal role in capturing data from subatomic particle collisions. These custom-designed ADCs not only survive the hostile environment inside CERN […]
  • Digital twins are reinventing clean energy — but there’s a catch
    Researchers are exploring AI-powered digital twins as a game-changing tool to accelerate the clean energy transition. These digital models simulate and optimize real-world energy systems like wind, solar, geothermal, hydro, and biomass. But while they hold immense promise for improving efficiency and sustainability, the technology is still riddled with challenges—from environmental variability and degraded equipment […]
Fig 18. Several steps more can be done to complete several metal layers for interconnects. The last step in the process is the deposition of the final passivation layer, usually Si3N4 (silicon nitride), deposited by PECVD.

CMOS Process Steps: 3um to 1.25um

CMOS chips are made using a twin-well process, with precise tailoring of each well starting from a lightly doped substrate. Key production steps include using advanced masks, growing silicon oxide and nitride layers, ion implantation for wells, and using the...
Illustration of the nMOS fabrication process steps visualized as a factory layout, including substrate selection, device isolation, ion implantation, gate formation, and metallization.

Basic nMOS Technology: Process Steps

NMOS fabrication involves key process steps like substrate selection, isolation, gate formation, and metallization. LOCOS isolation prevents unwanted current flow, while polysilicon gates enhance process stability. Ion implantation controls threshold voltage, ensuring device performance. Learn how NMOS advancements shaped microelectronics...
Illustration representing extrinsic semiconductors, showing doped silicon structures with labeled donor or acceptor atoms.

The Physics and Technology of Extrinsic Semiconductors

Doping modifies a semiconductor by introducing donor or acceptor atoms, increasing free electron or hole concentration. This creates an n-type or p-type material, shifting the Fermi level closer to the conduction or valence band, respectively. The level of doping determines...
Interior of a cleanroom with rows of white fabrication machines, reflective flooring, and extensive ceiling piping for semiconductor production.

The Physics and Technology of Intrinsic Semiconductors

Semiconductors are materials with electrical properties between metals and insulators, governed by their band structure. The valence and conduction bands define electron movement, with a band gap influencing conductivity. Intrinsic semiconductors, free of impurities, require energy to excite electrons into...

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