Magnetism
Exchange interaction
Electrons prefer parallel spins due to the quantum mechanical concept of exchange energy, which lowers their system’s total energy. This preference is a result of the Pauli exclusion principle and
Electrons prefer parallel spins due to the quantum mechanical concept of exchange energy, which lowers their system’s total energy. This preference is a result of the Pauli exclusion principle and
The Bohr model revolutionized our understanding of the atom. It proposed electrons exist in fixed energy levels, challenging classical physics. This explained the hydrogen spectrum and laid the foundation for