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  • A simple twist unlocks never-before-seen quantum behavior
    Scientists have discovered a revolutionary new method for creating quantum states by twisting materials at the M-point, revealing exotic phenomena previously out of reach. This new direction dramatically expands the moiré toolkit and may soon lead to the experimental realization of long-sought quantum spin liquids.
  • Scientists just recreated a 1938 experiment that could rewrite fusion history
    A groundbreaking collaboration between Los Alamos scientists and Duke University has resurrected a nearly forgotten 1938 experiment that may have quietly sparked the age of fusion energy. Arthur Ruhlig, a little-known physicist, first observed signs of deuterium-tritium (DT) fusion nearly a decade before its significance became clear in nuclear science. The modern team not only […]
  • This breakthrough turns old tech into pure gold — No mercury, no cyanide, just light and salt
    At Flinders University, scientists have cracked a cleaner and greener way to extract gold—not just from ore, but also from our mounting piles of e-waste. By using a compound normally found in pool disinfectants and a novel polymer that can be reused, the method avoids toxic chemicals like mercury and cyanide. It even works on […]
  • Self-lighting chip uses quantum tunneling to spot a trillionth of a gram
    Imagine detecting a single trillionth of a gram of a molecule—like an amino acid—using just electricity and a chip smaller than your fingernail. That’s the power of a new quantum-enabled biosensor developed at EPFL. Ditching bulky lasers, it taps into the strange world of quantum tunneling, where electrons sneak through barriers and release light in […]
  • Scientists freeze quantum motion using ultrafast laser trick
    Harvard and PSI scientists have managed to freeze normally fleeting quantum states in time, creating a pathway to control them using pure electronic tricks and laser precision.
  • Researchers develop recyclable, healable electronics
    Electronics often get thrown away after use because recycling them requires extensive work for little payoff. Researchers have now found a way to change the game.
Fig 18. Several steps more can be done to complete several metal layers for interconnects. The last step in the process is the deposition of the final passivation layer, usually Si3N4 (silicon nitride), deposited by PECVD.
Physics, Semiconductor Physics

CMOS Process Steps: 3um to 1.25um

CMOS chips are made using a twin-well process, with precise tailoring of each well starting from a lightly doped substrate. Key production steps include using advanced masks, growing silicon oxide and nitride layers, ion implantation for wells, and using the LOCOS technique to isolate chip regions efficiently.
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