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  • Scientists freeze quantum motion using ultrafast laser trick
    Harvard and PSI scientists have managed to freeze normally fleeting quantum states in time, creating a pathway to control them using pure electronic tricks and laser precision.
  • Researchers develop recyclable, healable electronics
    Electronics often get thrown away after use because recycling them requires extensive work for little payoff. Researchers have now found a way to change the game.
  • Ultra-thin lenses that make infrared light visible
    Physicists have developed a lens with 'magic' properties. Ultra-thin, it can transform infrared light into visible light by halving the wavelength of incident light.
  • Engineers develop self-healing muscle for robots
    Students recently unveiled their invention of a robotic actuator -- the 'muscle' that converts energy into a robot's physical movement -- that has the ability to detect punctures or pressure, heal the injury and repair its damage-detecting 'skin.'
  • Listening to electrons talk
    Researchers present new experimental and theoretical results for the bound electron g-factor in lithium-like tin which has a much higher nuclear charge than any previous measurement. The experimental accuracy reached a level of 0.5 parts per billion. Using an enhanced interelectronic QED method, the theoretical prediction for the g-factor reached a precision of 6 parts […]
  • Waste to foundation: Transforming construction waste into high-performance material
    In a major advancement for sustainable construction, scientists have created a cement-free soil solidifier from industrial waste. By combining Siding Cut Powder and activated by Earth Silica, an alkaline stimulant from recycled glass, scientists produced a high-performance material that meets compressive strength standards exceeding the 160 kN/m construction-grade threshold and eliminates arsenic leaching through calcium […]
Fig 18. Several steps more can be done to complete several metal layers for interconnects. The last step in the process is the deposition of the final passivation layer, usually Si3N4 (silicon nitride), deposited by PECVD.
Physics, Semiconductor Physics

CMOS Process Steps: 3um to 1.25um

CMOS chips are made using a twin-well process, with precise tailoring of each well starting from a lightly doped substrate. Key production steps include using advanced masks, growing silicon oxide and nitride layers, ion implantation for wells, and using the LOCOS technique to isolate chip regions efficiently.
Physics, Semiconductor Physics

Basic nMOS Technology: Process Steps

NMOS fabrication involves key process steps like substrate selection, isolation, gate formation, and metallization. LOCOS isolation prevents unwanted current flow, while polysilicon gates enhance process stability. Ion implantation controls threshold voltage, ensuring device performance. Learn how NMOS advancements shaped microelectronics until CMOS became the preferred technology.
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