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  • A new recycling process for silicones could greatly reduce the sector's environmental impacts
    A study describes a new method of recycling silicone waste (caulk, sealants, gels, adhesives, cosmetics, etc.). It has the potential to significantly reduce the sector's environmental impacts. This is the first universal recycling process that brings any type of used silicone material back to an earlier state in its life cycle where each molecule has […]
  • Scientists have found a way to 'tattoo' tardigrades
    If you haven't heard of a tardigrade before, prepare to be wowed. These clumsy, eight-legged creatures, nicknamed water bears, are about half a millimeter long and can survive practically anything: freezing temperatures, near starvation, high pressure, radiation exposure, outer space and more. Researchers took advantage of the tardigrade's nearly indestructible nature and gave the critters […]
  • New electronic 'skin' could enable lightweight night-vision glasses
    Engineers developed a technique to grow and peel ultrathin 'skins' of electronic material that could be used in applications such as night-vision eyewear and autonomous driving in foggy conditions.
  • A cool fix for hot chips: Advanced thermal management technology for electronic devices
    Researchers have demonstrated a significant performance increase in cooling technology for high-power electronic devices. They designed novel capillary geometries that push the boundaries of thermal transfer efficiency. This study could play a crucial role in the development of next-generation technology.
  • Farm robot autonomously navigates, harvests among raised beds
    A researcher has developed an autonomous driving algorithm for agricultural robots used for greenhouse cultivation and other farm work.
  • Study finds dramatic boost in air quality from electrifying railways
    Switching from diesel to electric trains dramatically improved the air quality aboard the San Francisco Bay Area's Caltrain commuter rail line, reducing riders' exposure to the carcinogen black carbon by an average of 89%, finds a new study. The electrification of the system also significantly reduced the ambient black carbon concentrations within and around the […]
Fig 18. Several steps more can be done to complete several metal layers for interconnects. The last step in the process is the deposition of the final passivation layer, usually Si3N4 (silicon nitride), deposited by PECVD.

CMOS Process Steps: 3um to 1.25um

CMOS chips are made using a twin-well process, with precise tailoring of each well starting from a lightly doped substrate. Key production steps include using advanced masks, growing silicon oxide and nitride layers, ion implantation for wells, and using the LOCOS technique to isolate chip regions efficiently.
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