Subscribe
Login
RSS Daily tech news
  • Scientists catch a hidden electronic state forming in just 30 femtoseconds
    Scientists watched a light-triggered hidden state form inside a material in only 30 femtoseconds, revealing a step that had never been seen before. The material first entered a fleeting electronic state in which its bonds reorganized in a repeating pattern, followed by tiny atomic shifts. This ultrafast pathway could offer a new way to control […]
  • MIT physicists discover electrons rebuilding like ice inside a quantum material
    MIT physicists found that two electronic phases inside the same quantum material emerge through surprisingly different mechanisms—one smoothly and the other in expanding pockets resembling growing ice crystals. The discovery could help explain how exotic properties such as superconductivity and magnetism develop and coexist.
  • Tiny quantum engines reveal useful energy hiding in “waste heat”
    A tiny machine made from just an atom and particles of light may sound impossibly simple, but it raises a surprisingly difficult question: what counts as heat, and what energy can still do useful work? University of Basel researchers have developed a theoretical framework that brings quantum physics and thermodynamics into better agreement for these […]
  • Tiny graphene wrinkles create surprisingly powerful electrical effects
    Scientists have discovered that tiny, sharply curved wrinkles in graphene can dramatically alter its electrical behavior, creating surprisingly strong charge separation. The finding suggests future electronics could be tuned by reshaping materials at the atomic scale instead of changing what they’re made of.
  • Ordinary WiFi can now identify you with near-perfect accuracy
    Ordinary WiFi networks could quietly become powerful surveillance tools, allowing people to be identified without cameras, special sensors, or even carrying a connected device. Researchers showed that unencrypted signals routinely exchanged between WiFi devices and routers can be used to create radio-based images of people and recognize them within seconds. In tests involving 197 participants, […]
  • Chemists set electrons free and break a decades-old chemistry barrier
    Chemists have developed a catalyst that breaks a long-standing rule governing which molecules receive electrons during chemical reactions. By releasing electrons directly into solution, the technique could unlock reactions—and potentially useful new molecules—that were previously out of reach.
Citation & Referencing Research & Writing

MLA Referencing | Explanation and Examples

by Florius
1382 5 min
MLA Handbook 9th edition cover

This guide on MLA referencing is based on the 9th edition of the MLA handbook, published by Modern Language Association. It is similar for each type of entry. MLA consists of 9 core elements, which are color coded in the text below to make it more visible. To jump directly to the type of element that you are looking for, please consult the table of content found above. There is also a guide available that explains the format of the MLA Work Cited list at the bottom of the page, with a full page example.

Infographic outlining key rules of MLA 9th Edition formatting, including in-text citation structure, works cited layout, font and spacing requirements, and common citation examples. Designed to help students and writers format academic work correctly.

MLA9 Reference style basic guidelines. Please scroll down for more information. This picture was based on this website.

1. In-text citations

Whenever you cite or paraphrase someone else’s idea or work in your text, you should use in-text citations. This is a short form reference to the author(s), followed by the page number. Below you can find some example of in-text citations for the 4 most common encounters in your work.

No author

If there is no author, your in-text citation should be the first words of the next element in your WorkCited list. This should be exactly identical, including any italic or quotation marks.

There are two ways of referencing, one where both elements are inside the parentheses, and the other where the author is part of the text. When you write inside the text, use the full title, and only an abbreviated version when the name is inside the parentheses.

E.g. According to “Narcissistic People at the Workplace” , narcissistic people were found to be less gullible (67).

E.g. Narcissistic people were found to be less gullible (“Narcissistic People”, 67).

Single author

In-text citations are made by using the last name of the author with the page number of the page where your citation is in parentheses.

E.g. Narcissistic people were found to be more gullable (McGill, 21).

E.g. McGill explained that most narcissistic people were found to be more gullible (21).

Multiple authors

When citing two authors, both last names should be mentioned in the text, similarly to a single author. If there are more than two, only the first author gets mentioned followed by “et al.” if the author and page number are in parentheses, or “and colleaques” when in text.

E.g. Narcissistic people were not found to be more gullible (McGyver et al., 41)

E.g. McGyver and colleaques explained that most narcissistic people were not found to be more gullible (41).

2. MLA Sources

A work cited list is often called a bibliography in other styles, and each citation in this list consists of up to 9 elements such as shown below. Wherever possible, fill in these 9 elements for each individual source.

Author. “Source.” Container, Contributors, Version, Number, Publisher, Publication date, Location.

Author

Each entry in your Work Cited list normally starts with your author(s). The first author’s name starts with Surname, First name (note the comma). When there are two authors, the second has it’s name in the correct order, First name Surname. For more than 2 authors, only the first author is named (as if it were a single author), followed by “et al.”

“Source”

The full title of the source should always be used; any subtitles should be used as well, after a colon with a space. In total there are three different types of styling, which are explained in the three examples below, click on the one that is applicable for your case.

1A source which is self-contained, such as a book or a movie, is also a container (see next section).  If it is referred here, do not refer to it again in the Container Element.

Container

A container is the element where the work appears in, such as a book, part of a website, or the journal in which the article is published. The title of this element is always italicized.

Contributors

This element is for contributors, you should always use a description such as: “translated by” or “illustrated by”, followed by the “First name Surname” and a comma.

 

Version

It is common for books to have multiple editions and certain parts can be obsolete, therefore you should mention which edition you took the information from.

Number

Number can refer to the the volume of journal articles, or season and episode of a TV show.

 

Publisher

A publisher is the organization who produced and distributed the work (e.g. Harvard UP, Paramount Pictures).

Note that University Press, is often abbreviated to UP.

Most journals, websites and newspapers references do not require you to include the publisher, and this element can be omitted.

Publication date

This includes the publication year, and if possible, the month and day of publication.

If there are multiple dates (such as revised, accepted, published dates), pick the one that you accessed. If there are no dates available, mention the date you accessed it. Some examples are given below:

Location

Location can be different, depending on the source; some examples are given below.

3. Format of the MLA Works Cited

  • This page should come directly after your main text (including the conclusion of your work), and before any Appendices.
  • At the top of the first page, the heading says “Works Cited” (centered)
  • Use one inch margins
  • Double spacing between the lines
  • Indented paragraphs

4. Full page example (MLA9)

MLA Works Cited list example

 

If you are interested in referencing styles, see our other resources, including the IEEE reference style for engineers and the APA  reference style for arts and humanity studies. You can also check out our information page on References and citations to get a better understanding of the whole topic. All of the resources can be found in our Database.

Post Views: 2,921

You may also like