Analog layout design rules
Matching transistor layouts is crucial for minimizing electrical variations, especially in analog and mixed-signal circuits like differential amplifiers. Proper design ensures symmetry, precision, and low distortion. Techniques such as aligning transistors along isotherms, matching current orientation, maintaining consistent area-to-perimeter ratios, using dummy structures, and employing centroid layouts help reduce mismatch, ...
How to design an Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA)?
This article explains how to design an Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA) in Cadence, focusing on optimizing transistor dimensions. It covers hand calculations and the gm/ID methodology for accurate transistor sizing, along with layout design techniques to enhance symmetry and compactness. The final design meets performance specifications, including gain, bandwidth, and ...
Introduction to capacitors
This tutorial introduces the basics of capacitors, covering their structure, energy storage, and behavior in DC and AC circuits. It explains capacitance, charging/discharging processes, and how capacitors influence filter circuits, with calculations for capacitance and energy storage. You'll also learn about capacitor behavior in RC circuits, frequency response, and how ...
Essential tools for electronic hobbyist (2024)
Lab equipment is essential for home electronics projects. Key tools include a multimeter, soldering station, oscilloscope, and power supply. This guide covers affordable options for hobbyists, from soldering materials to measurement devices, helping you build a functional electronics lab on a budget of around $400.
Resistor color code – Online tool
A resistor is a fundamental two-terminal component used in countless electronic devices to limit or regulate electric current. Resistors are often marked with color bands to indicate their values. Typically, these resistors feature four or five color bands. Understanding how to read these color codes is essential for determining the ...
3-phase IGBT-inverter – Working principles
In this article the 3-phase IGBT inverter and its functional operation are discussed. In order to realize the 3-phase output from a circuit employing dc as the input voltage, a 3-phase (IGBT) inverter has to be used. The inverter is build of switching devices, thus the way in which the ...
PID control on PIC microcontroller
For decades, the PID control system has stood as one of the industry's most established and widely adopted strategies, owing to its straightforward yet efficient algorithm. Within this article, we'll delve into the fundamental concept of the PID controller and explore how to imbed it into microcontrollers.
PID tuning methods
Rule-based PID tuning methods asssume that there is a system response that can be put into an easy mathematical description. The characteristics of this response can be derived from experiments by either putting a step response on an open loop, or by tuning a closed loop system in a certain ...
3 phase AC systems
In this article we take a closer look at the three phase power system. I will begin with giving you an overview of the differences between the two types of systems, namely the star connection and the delta connection. The sebsequent two sections will go more in-depth into the equations, ...
Types of AC Motors – Working Principles
Motors are primarily categorized as either AC or DC, with further classifcation based on their inherent rotation characteristics. In this article, we will commence by explaining the operation of the induction AC motor. The subsequent section delves into another type, specifically the synchronous AC motor. Finally we will provide an ...
